Guidelines for Writing Abstracts

An Abstract is a condensed representation of a scientific text. Its purpose is to capture the reader's attention and generate interest in the study using a minimal amount of language.

Keywords must be provided in both Ukrainian and English, ranging from five to ten units.

Requirements for Structure and Content:

• Informativeness and Substance: The abstract should present a generalized summary of the article’s content. Avoid general phrases, insignificant details, and well-known facts. Background information (historical context) should only be included if it is directly related to the research objective.
• Originality: Avoid direct repetition of fragments from the main text. The title of the article must not be duplicated within the abstract.
• Clarity and Logic: The presentation must be clear, logical, and coherent.
• Length: The volume of the abstract for submissions must be between 1800 and 2000 characters (including spaces).

Manuscripts submitted in Ukrainian must include abstracts in both Ukrainian and English.

Authors of English-language papers whose native language is Ukrainian must also provide the abstract in both languages.

The Ukrainian and English versions of the abstract must be identical in content.

The abstract must reflect the following elements of the article: subject, topic, and purpose; method or methodology: these should be described if they are novel or particularly relevant to the study; results: emphasis should be placed on new findings, data of long-term significance, important discoveries, or results that challenge existing theories, as well as data with practical value; conclusions: may include recommendations, assessments, proposals, or hypotheses described in the article.

Recommendations (What to Avoid):

• do not include tables, figures, diagrams, schemes, or formulas;
• do not include citations or references to the bibliography list;
• do not use abbreviations or symbols, except for commonly accepted ones. If an abbreviation is necessary, it must be defined upon its first use.

The abstract serves as a primary tool for evaluating the depth of research, its novelty, and its relevance.

The title and abstract should be translated into English with the assistance of a professional translator or an English language specialist proficient in economic terminology. The Editorial Board does not provide translation services.

Articles with incorrectly structured or poorly translated abstracts will be rejected, and the Editorial Board reserves the right to decline future submissions from such authors.